Record low coal share in EU electricity production

In 2025, hard coal represented 3.7% (105 601 Gigawatt-hour (GWh)) of the EU’s total gross electricity production, and brown coal represented 5.5% (154 186 GWh). In 2024, the total coal share in electricity production went below 10% for the first time and in 2025, it decreased further to its lowest point at 9.2%.

In 1990, coal represented more than a third of all electricity production in the EU. In 2000, the total coal share decreased to 30.4%, a trend that continued with only slight rebounds in 2011-2012 and 2021-2022, until it reached its lowest share in 2025.

In 1990, hard coal and brown coal were the second and third largest sources of electricity production, with 19.8% and 15.3% of the gross production, respectively. In contrast, in 2025, hard coal and brown coal were the seventh and sixth sources of electricity generation, behind nuclear heat, natural gas and renewable fuels. Both types of coal were overtaken by nuclear heat in 1994, by natural gas in 2019, by hydro and wind in 2023 and by solar in 2024.

Source dataset: nrg_bal_peh

Coal complete phaseout continues in many countries

The decrease in coal use for electricity generation is coupled with record lows in production and consumption of coal. In 2025, the consumption of hard coal and brown coal in the EU is estimated to have reached new historical lows, at 107 million tonnes and 184 million tonnes, respectively.
In addition, some EU countries have been phasing out coal either entirely or in electricity and heat generation in recent years. In 2021, Portugal stopped using hard coal in electricity generation, and in 2024, Slovakia phased out production of brown coal, leaving 8 EU countries remaining as brown coal producers.