Euro area job vacancy rate at 2.3%

EU rate at 2.1%

Overview

In the first quarter of 2026, the job vacancy rate was 2.3% in the euro area, up from 2.2% in the fourth quarter of 2025 and down from 2.4% in the first quarter of 2025, according to the figures published by Eurostat, the statistical office of the European Union. The job vacancy rate in the EU was 2.1% in the first quarter of 2026, unchanged from the fourth quarter of 2025 and down from 2.2% in the first quarter of 2025.

Job vacancy rates, whole economy

In the euro area, the job vacancy rate in the first quarter of 2026 was

2.0% in industry and construction, and
2.4% in services.

In the EU, the rate was

1.8% in industry and construction, and
2.3% in services.

Job vacancy rate by Member States

Among the Member States for which comparable data are available (see country notes), the highest job vacancy rates in the first quarter of 2026 were recorded in the Netherlands (4.0%) and Belgium (3.4%), followed by Malta (3.3%) and Austria (3.1%). The lowest rates were observed in Romania (0.6%) and Poland (0.8%), followed by Bulgaria, Spain and Slovakia (all 0.9%).

Job vacancy rates, whole economy, first quarter of 2026 In the first quarter of 2026 compared with the same quarter of the previous year, the job vacancy rate increased in three Member States, remained stable in 8 Member States and decreased in 16 Member States. The increases were observed in Malta (+0.4 pp), Portugal and Slovenia (both +0.2 pp). The largest decreases were recorded in Belgium (-0.7 pp), Austria (-0.5 pp), followed by Denmark and Italy (both -0.4 pp) and France (-0.3 pp).

Breakdown by economic activity

The figure below presents the job vacancy rates of the euro area and the EU by economic activity, in the first quarter of 2026. Data are displayed for the business economy, for which data are available from all EU countries. The highest job vacancy rates, for the euro area and the EU, respectively, were recorded in the following NACE Rev 2.1 sections:

Section O: ‘Administrative and support service activities’ that includes temporary employment agencies (3.2% in the euro area, 3.1% in the EU),
Section I: ‘Accommodation and food service activities’ (3.2% in the euro area, 3.0% in the EU),
Section F: ‘Construction’ (3.1% in the euro area, 2.8% in the EU),
Section K: ‘ Telecommunication, computer programming, consulting, computing infrastructure and other information service activities ’ (2.8% in the euro area, 2.6% in the EU), and
Section N: ‘Professional, scientific and technical activities’ (2.5% in the euro area, 2.4% in the EU).

Tables

Job vacancy rates – whole economy (%) – not seasonally adjusted –
	2025Q1	2025Q2	2025Q3	2025Q4	2026Q1
Euro area 21	2.4	2.2	2.1	2.2	2.3
Euro area 20	2.4	2.3	2.2	2.3	2.3
EU	2.2	2.1	2.0	2.1	2.1
Belgium	4.1	3.9	3.8	3.5	3.4
Bulgaria	0.9	0.9	0.8	0.8	0.9
Czechia	1.9	2.0	2.0	1.9	1.8
Denmark	:	:	:	:	2.1
Germany	2.7	2.5	2.4	2.9	2.7
Estonia	1.6	1.8	1.6	1.5	1.5
Ireland	1.3	1.3	1.4	1.2	1.1
Greece	2.2	1.6	1.8	1.3	2.1
Spain	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.9
Croatia	1.6	1.4	1.4	1.2	1.4
Cyprus	2.9	3.3	3.0	2.8	2.8
Latvia	2.4	2.2	2.1	2.1	2.2
Lithuania	2.2	2.3	2.3	2.2	2.2
Luxembourg	1.4	1.4	1.3	1.2	1.3
Hungary	2.1	2.1	2.1	2.0	2.1
Malta	2.9	3.2	3.4	3.4	3.3
Netherlands	4.2	4.2	4.1	3.9	4.0
Austria	3.6	3.4	3.2	2.8	3.1
Poland	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.7	0.8
Portugal	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.6
Romania	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6
Slovenia	2.3	2.2	2.2	2.0	2.5
Slovakia	1.1	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.9
Finland	2.1	1.1	1.0	0.9	1.9
Sweden	2.1	2.1	1.7	1.8	2.1
Iceland	2.4	2.1	2.0	1.3	:
Norway	3.4	3.0	2.6	2.3	:
Switzerland	1.7	1.7	1.6	1.5	:
Source dataset: jvs_q_nace2.1

Job vacancy rates – restricted coverage* (%) – not seasonally adjusted –
	2025Q1	2025Q2	2025Q3	2025Q4	2026Q1
Denmark	2.6	2.6	2.3	2.2	2.2
France	2.5	2.5	2.2	2.4	2.2
Italy	2.3	1.8	1.7	1.6	1.9
* see "Country notes" Source dataset: jvs_q_nace2.1

Job vacancy rates by main economic activity branches (%) – not seasonally adjusted –
	Industry and construction (NACE Rev. 2 section B to F)					Services (NACE Rev. 2 section G to O)
	2025Q1	2025Q2	2025Q3	2025Q4	2026Q1	2025Q1	2025Q2	2025Q3	2025Q4	2026Q1
Euro area 21	2.1	2.0	1.9	2.1	2.0	2.7	2.4	2.3	2.4	2.4
Euro area 20	2.1	2.0	2.0	2.1	2.0	2.8	2.4	2.3	2.4	2.5
EU	1.9	1.8	1.8	1.9	1.8	2.5	2.3	2.1	2.2	2.3
Belgium	4.1	3.7	3.6	3.4	3.2	5.0	4.9	4.9	4.6	4.5
Bulgaria	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.5	0.6	1.1	1.0	0.9	0.8	1.1
Czechia	2.0	2.1	2.1	2.1	2.0	2.8	2.9	2.9	2.8	2.6
Denmark	2.0	2.2	2.0	1.8	1.6	2.9	2.8	2.4	2.4	2.5
Germany	2.1	2.2	2.1	2.5	2.3	3.4	2.8	2.8	3.2	3.0
Estonia	1.1	0.9	0.9	0.7	0.8	1.5	1.9	1.5	1.4	1.4
Ireland	1.1	0.8	1.1	0.9	0.8	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.0	1.0
Greece	2.7	2.0	2.9	1.7	2.0	2.8	1.6	1.6	0.9	2.9
Spain	0.6	0.5	0.6	0.7	0.7	0.8	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.8
France	2.2	2.3	2.1	2.3	2.1	2.5	2.4	2.1	2.4	2.2
Croatia	1.5	1.3	1.3	1.0	1.3	1.5	1.2	0.9	0.8	1.2
Italy	1.9	1.7	1.7	1.6	1.6	2.4	1.8	1.6	1.5	2.0
Cyprus	2.4	2.5	3.1	2.5	3.4	3.5	3.8	3.4	3.1	2.9
Latvia	2.4	2.2	2.2	2.1	2.1	2.0	1.8	1.8	1.7	1.8
Lithuania	1.7	1.7	1.7	1.5	1.9	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.4	2.0
Luxembourg	1.0	1.4	1.2	1.1	1.1	1.7	1.7	1.6	1.5	1.6
Hungary	1.7	1.6	1.7	1.6	1.8	1.8	1.9	1.9	1.8	1.9
Malta	3.2	3.1	3.2	3.5	3.8	3.5	3.8	4.1	4.2	4.2
Netherlands	5.2	5.2	5.1	4.8	4.9	4.4	4.4	4.2	3.9	4.2
Austria	3.9	3.5	3.2	3.0	3.2	4.4	4.4	4.2	3.6	4.2
Poland	1.0	0.9	0.9	0.7	0.9	0.9	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.9
Portugal	1.2	1.2	1.4	1.4	1.5	2.2	2.1	2.1	2.1	2.3
Romania	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.5
Slovenia	2.6	2.6	2.7	2.4	3.0	2.8	2.5	2.5	2.3	3.0
Slovakia	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.8	0.8	0.7
Finland	1.7	0.6	0.7	0.7	1.6	2.4	1.3	1.4	1.0	2.1
Sweden	1.6	1.8	1.5	1.7	1.8	3.0	2.8	2.2	2.4	2.7
Iceland	3.3	3.3	3.3	2.4	:	3.4	2.7	2.1	1.6	:
Norway	3.2	2.3	2.1	1.9	:	3.8	3.1	2.8	2.3	:
Switzerland	1.8	1.7	1.8	1.7	:	1.8	1.7	1.7	1.7	:
Source dataset: jvs_q_nace2.1

Job vacancy rates NACE Rev. 2.1 sections, % – not seasonally adjusted –
Euro area
	2025Q1	2025Q2	2025Q3	2025Q4	2026Q1
B: Mining and quarrying	1.0	1.0	0.9	1.0	1.3
C: Manufacturing	1.7	1.7	1.6	1.7	1.6
D: Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply	1.7	1.5	1.5	1.3	1.4
E: Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities	1.7	1.5	1.5	1.6	1.6
F: Construction	3.0	2.9	2.9	3.2	3.1
G: Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles	2.0	2.0	1.8	2.0	2.1
H: Transportation and storage	2.3	2.1	2.1	2.1	1.9
I: Accommodation and food service activities	3.6	2.6	2.4	2.5	3.2
J: Publishing, broadcasting, and content production and distribution activities	2.5	2.6	2.2	1.9	1.4
K: Telecommunication, computer programming, consulting, computing infrastructure and other information service activities	2.6	2.6	2.3	2.5	2.8
L: Financial and insurance activities	1.7	1.6	1.7	1.9	1.7
M: Real estate activities	2.0	1.8	1.5	1.7	2.0
N: Professional, scientific and technical activities	3.2	2.9	2.5	2.5	2.5
O: Administrative and support service activities	3.9	3.1	3.3	3.3	3.2

Job vacancy rates NACE Rev. 2.1 sections, % – not seasonally adjusted –
EU
	2025Q1	2025Q2	2025Q3	2025Q4	2026Q1
B: Mining and quarrying	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.8
C: Manufacturing	1.6	1.6	1.5	1.5	1.5
D: Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply	1.6	1.4	1.4	1.2	1.3
E: Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities	1.5	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.4
F: Construction	2.8	2.7	2.7	2.9	2.8
G: Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles	1.8	1.8	1.6	1.8	1.9
H: Transportation and storage	2.1	2.0	2.0	2.0	1.8
I: Accommodation and food service activities	3.4	2.6	2.3	2.4	3.0
J: Publishing, broadcasting, and content production and distribution activities	2.3	2.3	2.0	1.8	1.4
K: Telecommunication, computer programming, consulting, computing infrastructure and other information service activities	2.6	2.5	2.2	2.4	2.6
L: Financial and insurance activities	1.6	1.5	1.6	1.8	1.6
M: Real estate activities	2.1	1.9	1.6	1.7	1.9
N: Professional, scientific and technical activities	3.0	2.7	2.4	2.4	2.4
O: Administrative and support service activities	3.7	3.1	3.1	3.2	3.1

Notes for users

Revisions and timetable

Compared with the rates published in the News Release of 18 March 2026, the job vacancy rate for the fourth quarter of 2025 was revised by 0.1 pp upwards for both the euro area (EA 20) and the EU.

Country notes

France and Italy: data are not strictly comparable. In France and Italy, ‘Public administration and defence; compulsory social security’ (NACE Rev. 2.1 section P) is not surveyed while public institutions are not fully covered in ‘Education’ as well as ‘Human health and social work activities’ (NACE Rev. 2.1 sections Q and R).

Denmark: data cover the whole economy (NACE Rev. 2.1 sections B to T) for the last reference quarter only (Q1 2026). In previous quarters, only units within the business economy (NACE Rev. 2.1 sections B to O) were surveyed.

At the time of finalizing this publication, data from Iceland, Norway and Switzerland were not available for the last reference quarter (Q1 2026).

Methods and definitions

The job vacancy rate (JVR) measures the proportion of total posts that are vacant, expressed as a percentage:

JVR = (number of job vacancies) / (number of occupied posts + number of job vacancies).

A job vacancy is defined as a paid post (newly created, unoccupied or about to become vacant) for which the employer is taking active steps to find a suitable candidate from outside the enterprise concerned and is prepared to take more steps and which the employer intends to fill either immediately or in the near future. Under this definition, a job vacancy should be open to candidates from outside an enterprise. However, this does not exclude the possibility of the employer recruiting an internal candidate for the post. A vacant post that is open only to internal candidates should not be treated as a job vacancy. An occupied post is a paid post within an organisation to which an employee has been assigned.

Job vacancy rates cover NACE Rev. 2.1 sections B to T. This aggregate is referred to as ‘Whole economy’ for the sake of simplification, even if sections A: ‘Agriculture, forestry and fishing’, T: ‘Activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods and services producing activities of households for own use’ and U: ‘Activities of extraterritorial organisations and bodies’ are excluded. Sections B to T include the industry (B to E), construction (F) and services (G to O) sectors together with (mainly) non-market services (P to T).

The job vacancy rates for the EU and euro area aggregates are based on Member States data, including estimates for recent periods when values are not yet available. If national data are only available for a sub-population, for example excluding smaller units or some activities, this sub-population is used in the computation of the job vacancy rate for the aggregates.

Geographical information

Up to 31 December 2025, the euro area included Belgium, Germany, Estonia, Ireland, Greece, Spain, France, Croatia, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Austria, Portugal, Slovenia, Slovakia and Finland (EA20) . From 1 January 2026, the euro area also includes Bulgaria (EA21) . In this article the data refer to EA21.

The European Union includes Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechia, Denmark, Germany, Estonia, Ireland, Greece, Spain, France, Croatia, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Hungary, Malta, the Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland and Sweden (EU27) .